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Since ancient times Afghanistan has been famous as a source of precious and semi-precious stones and above all its lapis lazuli, which has been prized throughout history both for jewellery and as a pigment. Despite its location astride historic trade routes and its importance as a source of gemstones, little is known about the ancient mines of the region and few written records exist. It was not until the 1800s that systematic attempts were made to assess the physiography and resources of the region, initially by British military expeditions, followed from time to time by surveys conducted under the auspices of the Geological Survey of India. From the 19th Century through to the mid-1900s the region various geological expeditions investigated areas along the main caravan route…